hasan miandari
Abstract
Error theory in modern ethics is known by the name of John Mackie. According to him, all moral claims are false. Since 1970s, there has been a great deal of research to explain human ethics by biological evolutionary theory. Michael Ruse uses evolutionary explanation of ethics to found his version of ...
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Error theory in modern ethics is known by the name of John Mackie. According to him, all moral claims are false. Since 1970s, there has been a great deal of research to explain human ethics by biological evolutionary theory. Michael Ruse uses evolutionary explanation of ethics to found his version of ethical error theory on. According to him, ethics is objectified by natural selection. But it is in fact an illusion to increase individuals' inclusive fitness. Based on a specified definition of ethics and of natural selection, Richard Joyce argues that all ethical discourse that predicated ethical ought to actions and other things is not true. But then, he broadens his definition of ethics and uses much more empirical evidence to argue that all moral beliefs have to be suspended. I argue against such error theories mostly based on a kind of virtue ethics.
hasan miandari
Abstract
The "logical problem of evil" is one kind of the "problem of evil." It is claimed that there is a logical inconsistency between belief in the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, and wholly good God and belief in the existence of evil. Alvin Plantinga argued by his "free will defense" that they are ...
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The "logical problem of evil" is one kind of the "problem of evil." It is claimed that there is a logical inconsistency between belief in the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, and wholly good God and belief in the existence of evil. Alvin Plantinga argued by his "free will defense" that they are consistent. In this paper I present his argument. Then three objections against his argument are mentioned. They are based on compatibilism, God's omnipotence, and God's knowledge of counterfactuals of freedom. Plantinga's responses to these come next. They are based on a counterexample, Leibniz's lapse, and transworld depravity. It is nearly accepted by all parties that Plantinga's defense is successful. Now the problem is the evidential one. For this problem to be solved, there must be a theodicy. And Plantinga gives one. But this is not successful at all. Muslims have to pay attention to this neglected area.
